Gender-Based Violence as a Public Health Issue: Legal Responsesand Health System Challenges

Abstract

Gender-Based Violence (GBV) is a widespread global issue that significantly impacts public health, human rights, and social development, transcending cultural, economic, and geographic barriers. Traditionally viewed as a criminal justice or social welfare issue, GBV is increasingly recognized as a critical public health concern due to its prevalence, long-term health consequences, and intergenerational effects. GBV includes physical, sexual, psychological, and economic violence, with women and girls disproportionately affected. The consequences of GBV extend beyond immediate physical injuries to include chronic pain, mental health issues, reproductive health problems, substance abuse, and higher risks of non-communicable diseases, placing considerable strain on health systems. Legal frameworks, such as international conventions and national laws, play an essential role in criminalizing abuse and protecting survivors; however, gaps in implementation, weak enforcement, and limited access to justice hinder their effectiveness. Health systems are crucial in addressing GBV, providing medical care, psychological support, and legal referrals, but face challenges like insufficient training for healthcare providers, lack of standardized protocols, inadequate infrastructure, and stigma. This paper advocates for an integrated approach that aligns legal responses with health system capabilities, emphasizing the need for survivor-centered policies, enhanced coordination, and prevention-focused public health strategies to reduce GBV prevalence, mitigate health impacts, and promote gender equality and social justice.